1. Gabatarwa

Ciyarwar wayar maras igiya, wacce aka kwatanta ta da sanannen ma'aunin Qi, an tallata ta a matsayin madadin ciyarwa mai aminci da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da ciyarwa mai igiya, galibi tana karewa daga hare-haren da suka dogara da bayanai waɗanda ke addabar haɗin USB. Binciken VoltSchemer ya karya wannan zato, yana bayyana wata muhimmiyar rauni a cikin sarkar isar da wutar lantarki kanta. Wannan takarda ta nuna cewa ta hanyar daidaita ƙarfin lantarki da ake bayarwa ga Ciyarwar Wayar Maras Igiya da ake Sayarwa a Kasuwa (COTS), mai kai hari zai iya haifar da tsangwama na ganganci na lantarki (IEMI) wanda ke sarrafa aikin ciyarwar, yana ketare tsarinsa na tsaro kuma yana ba da damar aiwatar da ƙaƙƙarfan hare-hare na zahiri da na sirri.

2. Bayan Fage & Tsarin Barazana

Fahimtar VoltSchemer yana buƙatar fahimtar tsarin tsaron yanayin Qi da sabon tsarin barazanar da aka gabatar.

2.1 Ma'aunin Ciyarwar Wayar Maras Igiya na Qi

Ma'aunin Qi na Ƙungiyar Ciyarwar Wutar Lantarki Maras Igiya (WPC) yana amfani da ƙarfafa maganadisu na kusa don canja wurin wutar lantarki. Ana aiwatar da tsaro ta hanyar sadarwa a cikin banda, inda mai ciyarwa da na'ura ke musayar fakitin sarrafawa ta hanyar daidaita siginar wutar lantarki kanta. Muhimman siffofi na aminci sun haɗa da Gano Abun Waje (FOD) don hana dumama abubuwa na ƙarfe da matakan wutar lantarki da aka yi shawarwari don hana ciyarwa fiye da kima.

2.2 Tsarin Kai Hari & Zato

Manufar mai kai hari ita ce karkatar da aikin da ake nufi na mai ciyarwar wayar maras igiya. Babban zato shine cewa mai kai hari zai iya sarrafa ko maye gurbin adaftan wutar lantarki (mai canza AC zuwa DC) wanda ke samar da ciyarwar. Wannan barazana ce ta gaske a wuraren jama'a (filayen jiragen sama, gidajen kofi) ko ta hanyar tashoshin ciyarwa da aka lalata/maƙiya. Ba a buƙatar gyaggyara ta zahiri ga mai ciyarwa ko na'ura.

3. Hanyar Kai Harin VoltSchemer

VoltSchemer yana amfani da rashin keɓancewa mai kyau tsakanin shigarwar wutar lantarki da tsarin sarrafa na'urar na'urar mai watsawa.

3.1 Hanyar Shigar da Ƙarar Lantarki

Mai kai hari yana samar da siginar ƙarar lantarki da aka ƙera a hankali $V_{noise}(t)$ kuma yana haɗa shi akan ƙarfin lantarki na DC $V_{dc}$ ta amfani da da'irar da aka ƙera don wannan manufa. Wannan ciyarwar mai ƙara $V_{supply}(t) = V_{dc} + V_{noise}(t)$ ana ciyar da ita ga mai ciyarwar wayar maras igiya. Saboda tsangwama na lantarki (EMI) da iyakancewar ƙimar kin amincewa da samar da wutar lantarki (PSRR) a cikin da'irar mai ciyarwa, wannan ƙarar tana yaduwa zuwa kuma tana daidaita halin yanzu a cikin na'urar watsawa.

3.2 Amfani da Sadarwa a Cikin Banda

Sadarwar Qi ta dogara ne akan daidaita girman siginar wutar lantarki. Ta hanyar siffata $V_{noise}(t)$, mai kai hari zai iya kwaikwayi ko rubuta fakitin sadarwa na halal. Ƙarar da aka shigar tana haifar da mitoci na gefe waɗanda ke tsoma baki tare da tsarin rage girman siginar a mai karɓa (wayar hannu), yana ba da damar shigar da fakitin Qi na mugunta ko rushe na halal.

3.3 Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya ƙirƙira harin a matsayin matsalar shigar siginar. Halin yanzu na na'urar watsawa $I_{tx}(t)$ aiki ne na shigar da'irar direba, wanda ƙarar ciyarwa ta lalata shi. Wani sauƙaƙan wakilci: $I_{tx}(t) = f(V_{dc} + \alpha \cdot V_{noise}(t), C(t))$, inda $f$ shine aikin canja wurin mai ciyarwa, $\alpha$ shine ma'auni na haɗawa wanda ke wakiltar raunin ƙara, kuma $C(t)$ siginonin sarrafawa na halal ne. Mai kai hari yana ƙera $V_{noise}(t)$ don cimma wata mugunyar $I_{tx}(t)$ da ake so wacce ta dace da saƙon Qi na ƙarya (misali, "FOD ya wuce", "ƙara ƙarfi").

4. Hanyoyin Kai Hari da aka Nuna

Binciken ya tabbatar da barazanar ta hanyar hare-hare guda uku na aiki.

Matsakaicin Nasaran Kai Hari

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Mafi kyawun masu sayar da ciyarwar COTS suna da rauni

Muhimmin Tasiri

3

An nuna hanyoyin kai hari daban-daban masu tsanani

4.1 Shigar da Umarnin Murya da ba za a iya Ji ba

Maganadisu da aka daidaita zai iya haifar da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki a cikin na'urar sauti ta ciki ta wayar hannu. Ta hanyar ɓoye umarnin murya a cikin kewayon sautin da ba a iya ji ba (>20 kHz), VoltSchemer zai iya kunna mataimakan murya (Google Assistant, Siri) ba tare da sanin mai amfani ba, wanda zai haifar da lalata na'ura, fitar da bayanai, ko sarrafa gida mai wayo.

4.2 Lalacewar Na'ura ta hanyar Ciyarwa Fiye da Kima/Zafi

Ta hanyar ƙirƙira fakitin sadarwar Qi, mai kai hari zai iya umurci mai ciyarwa da ya yi watsi da siginar "Ƙarshen Canja Wutar Lantarki" na na'ura ko kuma ya ba da wutar lantarki fiye da iyakokin da aka yi shawarwari. Wannan na iya haifar da lalacewar baturi mai tsanani, kumburi, ko a cikin matsanancin yanayi, guduwar zafi da kuma wuta.

4.3 Ketare Gano Abun Waje (FOD)

Wannan shine harin da ya fi dacewa. FOD wata muhimmiyar sifa ce ta aminci wacce ke gano asarar wutar lantarki ta parasitic (misali, zuwa tsabar kuɗi ko maɓalli) kuma ta rufe. VoltSchemer na iya shigar da fakitin da ke ba da rahoton ingantaccen canja wurin wutar lantarki na ƙarya, yana yaudarar mai ciyarwa ya yi aiki da cikakken ƙarfi tare da kasancewar wani abu na waje, yana haifar da haɗarin dumama mai tsanani a wuri.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Kimantawa

5.1 Saitin Gwaji & Na'urori

Ƙungiyar ta gwada ciyarwar Qi 9 mafi kyawun siyarwa daga alamu kamar Anker, Belkin, da Samsung. Saitin kai hari ya ƙunshi samar da wutar lantarki mai shirye-shirye don samar da $V_{noise}(t)$, mai ciyarwa da aka yi niyya, da na'urori daban-daban da aka azabtar (wayoyin hannu, maɓallan maɓalli, na'urorin USB).

5.2 Matsakaicin Nasara & Ma'aunin Tasiri

Duk ciyarwa 9 sun kasance masu rauni ga aƙalla hanyar kai hari ɗaya. Shigar da umarnin murya ya yi nasara akan na'urorin da aka sanya akan mai ciyarwa. Hare-haren ciyarwa fiye da kima sun sami damar tilasta ci gaba da zagayowar ciyarwa. An nuna nasarar ketare FOD, yana dumama maɓallin gida zuwa sama da 280°C (536°F) a cikin mintuna—haɗarin kunna wuta bayyananne.

5.3 Taswirori & Hoto na Bayanai

Hoto na 1: Hawan Zafi yayin Harin Ketare FOD. Taswirar layi zai nuna lokaci akan X-axis da zafin jiki (°C) akan Y-axis. Layin na abu na ƙarfe (misali, maɓalli) zai nuna haɓaka mai tsauri, kusa da layi daga zafin ɗaki zuwa sama da 280°C a cikin mintuna 3-5 lokacin da aka ketare FOD, yayin da layin na zaman ciyarwa na halal zai kasance lebur ko ya nuna ɗan ƙaramin haɓaka.

Hoto na 2: Bakan Ƙarar Lantarki don Shigar da Umarni. Taswira mai nuna yanki na mitoci yana nuna siginar ƙarar lantarki da mai kai hari ya shigar $V_{noise}(f)$. Za a iya ganin kololuwa a cikin band ɗin sautin da ba a iya ji ba (misali, 20-24 kHz), wanda ya dace da umarnin murya da aka daidaita, tare da abubuwan da ke da ƙananan mitoci da ake amfani da su don sarrafa lokacin fakitin Qi.

6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Lamari: Lalata Tashar Ciyarwa ta Jama'a. Mai kai hari ya maye gurbin adaftan wutar lantarki a cikin kushin ciyarwar wayar maras igiya na jama'a a filin jirgin sama da wani mai mugunta. Adaftan ya bayyana al'ada amma yana ɗauke da microcontroller wanda ke samar da siginonin VoltSchemer.

  1. Bincike: Adaftan yana sa ido a banza kan jan wutar lantarki don gano lokacin da aka sanya wayar hannu akan kushin.
  2. Amfani: Bayan ganowa, yana aiwatar da jerin kai hari da aka riga aka shirya: 1) Ketare FOD don kunna cikakken ƙarfi. 2) Shigar da umarnin murya da ba za a iya ji ba: "Kai Google, aika rubutu na hoto na ƙarshe zuwa [lambar mai kai hari]."
  3. Tasiri: An keta sirrin mai amfani. A lokaci guda, ci gaba da canja wurin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi tare da kasancewar wayar yana ƙara zafin na'ura, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi da damuwa mai yuwuwa ga baturi.

Wannan tsarin yana nuna yuwuwar harin mai yawa da kuma sarrafa kansa a cikin yanayin duniya na gaske.

7. Maganin Rigakafi & Dabarun Ragewa

Takardar ta ba da shawarar kariya da yawa:

  • Ƙarfafa Tace Samar da Wutar Lantarki: Aiwatar da ingantattun masu tacewa na EMI da masu sarrafawa akan shigar mai ciyarwa don rage ƙarar mitoci mai girma.
  • Tabbatar da Asali a Waje da Banda: Ƙara wata hanyar sadarwa ta musamman, mai tabbacin asali (misali, NFC, Bluetooth Low Energy) don muhimman siginonin aminci kamar matsayin FOD, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a wasu ayyukan ilimi kan tsare tsarin sirri.
  • Binciken Ingantaccen Siginar: Aiwatar da binciken daidaito a cikin ka'idar sadarwar Qi don gano daidaitawar siginar da ba ta dace ba wacce ke nuna lalata.
  • Shaidar Lalata ta Zahiri: Don shigarwa na jama'a, tabbatar da adaftan wutar lantarki don hana sauƙin maye gurbi.

8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

VoltSchemer ya buɗe sabon yanki na binciken tsaron kayan aiki:

  • Faɗaɗa Binciken Manufa: Yin amfani da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya ga wasu tsarin wutar lantarki/sadarwa maras igiya (misali, RFID, NFC, ciyarwar wayar maras igiya na motoci). Matsala ta asali na haɗin ƙarar samarwa na iya zama ko'ina.
  • Haɗin Kai Hari da AI ke Tafiyar da shi: Yin amfani da koyon ƙarfafawa don gano mafi kyawun siffofin igiyoyin ruwa $V_{noise}(t)$ don sabbin samfuran mai ciyarwa ta atomatik, yana rage buƙatar gyaggyara na hannu.
  • Tura Ƙa'idodi: Wannan aikin yana ba da mahimman bayanai ga ƙungiyoyin ƙa'idodi kamar WPC don tilasta ƙarin juriya ga ƙarar samar da wutar lantarki (PSRR) da tabbacin asali na siginar a cikin ƙayyadaddun Qi na gaba (misali, Qi v3.0).
  • Haɓaka Kayan Aikin Kariya: Ƙirƙirar kayan aikin bincike waɗanda za su iya duba raunin mai ciyarwar wayar maras igiya ga shigar da ƙarar lantarki, kama da na'urorin binciken raunin software.

9. Nassoshi

  1. Zhan, Z., Yang, Y., Shan, H., Wang, H., Jin, Y., & Wang, S. (2024). VoltSchemer: Amfani da Ƙarar Lantarki don Sarrafa Mai Ciyarwar Wayar Maras Igiya. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.11423.
  2. Ƙungiyar Ciyarwar Wutar Lantarki Maras Igiya. (2023). Ƙayyadaddun Tsarin Canja Wutar Lantarki Maras Igiya na Qi. An samo daga https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
  3. Zhang, K., et al. (2019). PowerHammer: Fitar da Bayanai daga Kwamfutoci masu Iska ta Hanyoyin Wutar Lantarki. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.
  4. Guri, M. (2020). Samar da Wutar Lantarki: Fitar da Bayanai daga Tsarin Iska ta Hanyar Mayar da Masu Samar da Wutar Lantarki Zuwa Masu Magana. IEEE Access.
  5. NIST. (2020). Tsarin Tsarin Sirri. Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Fasaha ta Ƙasa. An samo daga https://www.nist.gov/el/cyber-physical-systems

10. Binciken Kwararru & Bitar Muhimmanci

Mahimmin Haske

VoltSchemer ba wani kwaro kawai ba ne; ya zama gazawar tsarin a cikin tsarin tsaro na ciyarwar wayar maras igiya. Mayar da hankali na masana'antu kan kare hanyar bayanai (wanda aka cire a cikin wayar maras igiya) ya makantar da shi ga hanyar wutar lantarki ta zahiri a matsayin hanyar kai hari. Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin tsarin sirri, kowane tashar makamashi za a iya amfani da ita azaman makami don sadarwa da sarrafawa—ƙa'ida da aka maimaita a cikin ayyukan farko kamar PowerHammer (fitar da bayanai ta hanyoyin wutar lantarki) amma yanzu an yi amfani da shi don lalata kayan aiki masu mahimmanci na aminci. Zaton cewa "babu haɗin kai kai tsaye yana daidaita tsaro mafi girma" an karyata shi gaba ɗaya.

Kwararar Hankali

Hankalin harin yana da kyau a cikin sauƙinsa: 1) Gano Tashar: Shigar da wutar lantarki na DC hanya ce da aka amince da ita, mara tabbacin asali. 2) Amfani da Haɗin kai: Yi amfani da gazawar analog da ba za a iya kaucewa ba (EMI, PSRR mara kyau) don fassara ƙarar lantarki zuwa daidaita filin maganadisu. 3) Karkatar da Ka'idar: Sanya wannan iko akan filin maganadisu akan matakin sadarwa a cikin banda na ma'aunin Qi. 4) Aiwatar da Kudaden Biyan Kuɗi: Yi amfani da wannan iko don keta garantin asali guda uku na ciyarwar wayar maras igiya: keɓance bayanai, canja wurin wutar lantarki da aka yi shawarwari, da amincin abun waje. Kwararar daga al'amarin zahiri zuwa keta ka'ida ba ta da tsada kuma tana da tasiri mai ban tsoro.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfi: Binciken yana da amfani sosai. Kai hari ga na'urori 9 na COTS yana nuna mahimmancin duniya na gaske nan take, ba kawai haɗarin ka'ida ba. Nuni mai yawa (sirri, gaskiya, aminci) yana nuna cikakken tasiri. Harin baya buƙatar amfani da na'ura, yana mai da shi mai girma.

Kurakurai & Tambayoyi da aka Buɗe: Duk da cewa hujja ta hujja tana da ƙarfi, takardar ba ta nuna buƙatar mai kai hari na daidaitawa na musamman na mai ciyarwa ba. Dole ne a ƙera "adaftan wutar lantarki mai mugunta" don takamaiman samfurin mai ciyarwa na raunin ƙara ($\alpha$), wanda ke buƙatar gyaggyara. Yaya girman wannan a aikace a gaban yanayi daban-daban? Bugu da ƙari, tattaunawar maganin rigakafi ta farko ne. Shin tabbatar da asali a waje da banda, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara, zai ƙara farashi da rikitarwa kawai, ko shine kawai magani mai yuwuwa na dogon lokaci? Takardar za ta iya shiga cikin zurfi tare da matsalolin tattalin arziki da ƙa'idodi don ragewa.

Hasashe masu Aiki

Ga masana'antu, lokacin gamsuwa ya ƙare. Masu Kera dole ne su bincika ƙirar su nan take don juriya ga ƙarar samar da wutar lantarki, suna ɗaukar shigar DC a matsayin yuwuwar yanki na kai hari. Ƙarfafa matakin ɓangare tare da mafi kyawun masu tacewa shine gyara na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ba za a iya jayayya da shi ba. Ƙungiyar Ciyarwar Wutar Lantarki Maras Igiya (WPC) dole ne ta ɗauki wannan a matsayin batun mahimmanci don ƙayyadaddun Qi na gaba. Tilasta tabbacin asali na siginar ko binciken gaskiya don FOD da fakitin sarrafa wutar lantarki yana da mahimmanci. Dogaro kawai akan sadarwa a cikin banda don aminci yanzu an tabbatar da kuskure. Masu Gudanar da Kasuwanci & Wuraren Jama'a yakamata su bincika tashoshin ciyarwa na jama'a, suna tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye adaftan wutar lantarki ta zahiri kuma suna yin la'akari da matsawa zuwa samar da wutar lantarki da mai amfani ya bayar (misali, USB-C PD) don kushin ciyarwa na jama'a. A matsayina na mai bincike, ina hasashen binciken doka zai biyo baya; Hukumar Kare Lafiyar Kayayyakin Masu Amfani (CPSC) da makamantansu a duniya za su lura da haɗarin wuta da aka nuna. VoltSchemer ya sake zana taswirar yankin kai hari ga duniyar IoT—yin watsi da shi babban abin alhaki ne.