Cibiyar Sadarwar Caji Mara Waya: Tushe, Ma'auni, da Aikace-aikace

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Fasahar caji mara waya tana ba da damar canja wurin wutar lantarki daga tushe zuwa na'urar hannu ba tare da haɗin jiki ba. Tana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci ciki har da ingantaccen sauƙin mai amfani, ƙarfin ƙarfin na'ura (misali, hana ruwa), sassauci ga na'urori masu wuyar isa (misali, na'urorin da ake saka a jiki), da isar da wutar lantarki bisa buƙata don hana caji fiye da kima. Ana sa ran kasuwar za ta girma sosai, tare da kiyasin dala biliyan 4.5 nan da shekarar 2016 da dala biliyan 15 nan da shekarar 2020. Wannan labarin yana bincika tushe, yana bitar mahimman ma'auni, kuma yana gabatar da sabon ra'ayi: Cibiyar Sadarwar Caji Mara Waya.

2. Bayyani Game da Fasahar Caji Mara Waya

Ra'ayin ya samo asali ne daga gwaje-gwajen Nikola Tesla a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20. Ci gaban zamani ya samo ƙarfinsa ne daga ƙirƙira kamar magnetron da rectenna, waɗanda ke ba da damar canja wurin wutar lantarki ta hanyar microwave. Ci gaban kwanan nan ya samo ƙarfinsa ne daga ƙungiyoyin masana'antu waɗanda suka kafa ma'auni na duniya.

2.1 Fasahohin Caji Mara Waya

Takardar tana tattauna manyan fasahohi guda uku: Induction na Magnetic, Resonance na Magnetic, da Radiation na Radio Frequency (RF). Induction na Magnetic, wanda ake amfani da shi a ma'aunin Qi, yana da inganci a kan tazara gajere (millimita kaɗan). Resonance na Magnetic, wanda A4WP ke fifita, yana ba da damar 'yanci mai yawa a sarari da caji na'urori da yawa. Caji na tushen RF yana ba da kewayon mai nisa amma yawanci ƙarancin inganci, ya dace da na'urori masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki.

3. Ma'aunin Caji Mara Waya

Daidaituwa yana da mahimmanci don aiki tare da juna da kuma karɓar kasuwa. An bincika manyan ma'auni guda biyu.

3.1 Ma'aunin Qi

Wanda Ƙungiyar Caji Mara Waya (WPC) ta haɓaka, Qi shine ma'auni mafi yadu da ake amfani da shi don caji na inductive. Yana aiki a mitoci tsakanin 110-205 kHz. Tsarin sadarwarsa yana amfani da gyare-gyaren kaya don musayar bayanai tsakanin na'urar da caji don ganewa, sarrafawa, da aminci (misali, gano abu na waje).

3.2 Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafawa Mara Waya (A4WP)

A4WP (yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Ƙungiyar AirFuel) tana amfani da fasahar resonance na magnetic. Tana aiki a 6.78 MHz, tana ba da damar 'yanci mai yawa a sarari (kuskuren tsaye da kwance) da caji na'urori da yawa a lokaci guda. Tsarin sadarwarsa ya dogara ne akan Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), yana ba da damar musayar bayanai mafi ƙware da haɗin cibiyar sadarwa.

4. Cibiyar Sadarwar Caji Mara Waya

Babban gudunmawar takardar ita ce ba da shawarar cibiyar sadarwar caji mara waya masu haɗin kai.

4.1 Ra'ayi da Tsari

Cibiyar Sadarwar Caji Mara Waya (WCN) ta ƙunshi haɗa caji ɗaya ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwar gindi (misali, Ethernet, Wi-Fi). Wannan cibiyar sadarwa tana sauƙaƙe tattara bayanai na tsakiya (matsayin caji, wuri, amfani) da sarrafawa (tsarawa, sarrafa wutar lantarki). Yana canza wuraren caji keɓaɓɓu zuwa kayan aiki masu hikima.

4.2 Matsalar Sanya Mai Amfani da Caji

Takardar ta nuna amfanin WCN ta hanyar matsala inganta sanya mai amfani da caji. Lokacin da mai amfani yake buƙatar caji, cibiyar sadarwar na iya gano "mafi kyawun" caji da ake samu bisa ma'auni kamar kusanci, lokacin jira, ko farashin wutar lantarki, yana rage jimlar farashin mai amfani (misali, lokaci + farashin kuɗi). Wannan yana buƙatar bayanai na ainihi daga cibiyar sadarwar caji.

5. Fahimta ta Asali & Ra'ayi na Manazarta

Fahimta ta Asali:

Haƙiƙanin ƙirƙira na takardar ba wai kawai wani bita na ilimin lissafi na canja wurin wutar lantarki mara waya (WPT) ba ne, amma wani maƙasudi na dabarun daga caji daga wuri zuwa wuri zuwa rarrabawar makamashi ta hanyar sadarwa. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa matsalar nan gaba ba ita ce ingancin haɗin kai tsakanin coils ba, amma ingancin tsarin na sarrafa cibiyoyin sadarwar wuraren makamashi da kaya masu motsi. Wannan yayi daidai da juyin halitta na kwamfuta daga manyan na'urori zuwa intanet.

Kwararar Ma'ana:

Hujja tana da ƙarfi: 1) Kafa balagaggen fasahar WPT ta asali (induction/resonance). 2) Hasasaka yaƙin daidaitawa (yaduwar Qi da sassaucin A4WP), wanda abin mamaki ya haifar da keɓancewar bayanai. 3) Gabatar da WCN a matsayin matakin meta da ake buƙata don haɗa sarrafawa da inganta waɗannan ma'auni. Tsalle-tsalle na ma'ana daga sadarwar na'ura ɗaya (ka'idojin Qi/A4WP) zuwa cibiyar sadarwar caji yana da hujja mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da sanya mai amfani.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:

Ƙarfi: Ra'ayin WCN yana da hangen nesa kuma yana magance matsalar haɓakawa ta ainihi. Tsara shi a matsayin matsala inganta (sanya mai amfani da caji) yana ba da ƙima nan take, mai ƙima. Kwatancin ka'idojin sadarwar Qi da A4WP yana da taƙaitacce kuma yana da alaƙa.
Kurakurai Masu Muhimmanci: Takardar tana da haske sosai akan tsaro. Caji mai cibiyar sadarwa yana iya zama hanyar kai hari—tunani game da harin hana sabis akan cibiyar sadarwar caji na birni ko yaduwar malware ta hanyar ka'idojin wutar lantarki. Marubutan kuma sun yi watsi da muhimman farashin kayan aiki na baya da tsarin kasuwanci don tura irin wannan cibiyar sadarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar sanya mai amfani tana ɗauka cewa masu amfani masu hankali, masu rage farashi, suna yin watsi da abubuwan ɗabi'a.

Fahimta Mai Aiki:

1. Ga OEMs/Masu Bayar da Kayan Aiki: Ba da fifiko ga haɓaka tsarin sadarwa mai tsaro, mai sauƙi tsakanin caji wanda ba shi da ma'auni. Yi haɗin gwiwa tare da masu bayar da tsarin sarrafa gini don turawa haɗin kai. 2. Ga Masu Bincike: Takardu na gaba dole ne su mai da hankali kan tsarin tsaro na WCN, raba bayanai masu kiyaye sirri, da ƙirar wasa don halayen mai amfani. 3. Ga Ƙungiyoyin Ma'auni (AirFuel, WPC): Ƙara ƙoƙari don haɗa zaɓuɓɓukan matakan sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa a cikin bita na ma'auni na gaba don guje wa rarrabuwa. Hangen nesa yana da gamsarwa, amma shaidan—da damar kasuwa—yana cikin cikakkun bayanai na cibiyar sadarwa.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya ƙirƙira ingancin haɗin kai na resonant na magnetic, wanda ke tsakiyar A4WP. Ingantaccen canja wurin wutar lantarki ($\eta$) tsakanin coils resonant guda biyu aiki ne na ma'aunin haɗin kai ($k$) da ƙimar inganci ($Q_1$, $Q_2$) na coils:

$$\eta = \frac{k^2 Q_1 Q_2}{1 + k^2 Q_1 Q_2}$$

Inda $k$ ya dogara da nisa da daidaitawa tsakanin coils. Ana iya tsara matsala Sanya Mai Amfani da Caji a matsayin ingantawa. Bari $U$ ya zama saitin masu amfani kuma $C$ ya zama saitin caji. Farashin mai amfani $u_i$ don amfani da caji $c_j$ shine $w_{ij}$, wanda zai iya haɗa nisa ($d_{ij}$), lokacin jira ($t_j$), da farashi ($p_j$):

$$w_{ij} = \alpha \cdot d_{ij} + \beta \cdot t_j + \gamma \cdot p_j$$

tare da $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ a matsayin abubuwan auna nauyi. Manufar ita ce a nemo matrix sanya $X$ (inda $x_{ij}=1$ idan an sanya $u_i$ zuwa $c_j$) wanda ke rage jimlar farashi:

$$\text{Rage: } \sum_{i \in U} \sum_{j \in C} w_{ij} \cdot x_{ij}$$

ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa cewa kowane mai amfani an sanya shi zuwa caji ɗaya da ake samu.

7. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Yayin da PDF ɗin da aka bita bai ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai na gwaji ba, tsarin sanya mai amfani da caji da aka bayyana yana nuna sakamako masu auna waɗanda za a gabatar da su:

Ginshiƙi 1: Rage Farashi vs. Yawan Cibiyar Sadarwa: Zanen layi wanda ke nuna yawan raguwar matsakaicin farashin mai amfani (misali, lokaci+farashi) yayin da adadin caji masu cibiyar sadarwa a kowace yanki ke ƙaruwa. Lankwasa zai nuna raguwar riba bayan an kai yawan mahimmanci.
Ginshiƙi 2: Kwatancin Ma'auni: Ginshiƙi ginshiƙi wanda ke kwatanta ma'aunin Qi (inductive) da A4WP (resonant) a kan ma'auni masu mahimmanci: Ingantaccen vs. Nisa, 'Yancin Sarari (digiri na juriya na kuskure), Ƙarfin Caji na Na'ura da yawa, da Ƙwararrun Tsarin Sadarwa (BLE vs. gyare-gyaren kaya).
Ginshiƙi 3: Amfani da Cibiyar Sadarwa: Zanen zafi da aka lulluɓe akan tsarin bene wanda ke nuna yawan amfani da caji daban-daban masu cibiyar sadarwa akan lokaci, yana nuna yuwuwar daidaita kaya.

Babban sakamakon da ake da'awar shi ne cewa WCN yana rage farashin matsala sanya mai amfani da caji idan aka kwatanta da bincike na ad-hoc, mara cibiyar sadarwa.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Lamarin Sanya Mai Amfani da Caji

Yanayi: Gidan kofi mai caji mara waya 4 masu cibiyar sadarwa (C1-C4) da abokan ciniki 3 (U1-U3) tare da na'urori masu ƙarancin baturi.

Mara Cibiyar Sadarwa (Yanayin Yanzu): Kowane mai amfani yana duba gani don caji mara komai. U1 ya zaɓi C1. U2 ya ga an ɗauki C1, ya zaɓi C2. U3 ya iso, ya sami C3 da C4 kawai suna 'yanci, ya zaɓi mafi kusa (C3). Wannan yana haifar da rarraba kaya mara kyau da ƙarin lokacin jira idan jerin gwano sun taso.

Mai Cibiyar Sadarwa (Yanayin da aka Tsara WCN):

Duk caji suna ba da rahoton matsayi ("'yanci", "caji", "kuskure") da wuri zuwa babban uwar garken.
Na'urar U1 ta aika da buƙatar caji. Uwar garken ta gudanar da algorithm rage farashi. An sanya C1 (matsakaicin nisa/lokacin jira mafi ƙanƙanta).
U2 ya buƙaci. C1 yanzu yana aiki. Algorithm ya sanya C3 (ba C2 ba) saboda, duk da yake yana da ɗan nisa kaɗan, C2 yana da tsammanin buƙatun gaba mafi girma bisa bayanan tarihi, kuma sanya U2 zuwa C3 yana daidaita tsarin kaya mafi kyau don zuwan U3 nan take.
U3 ya buƙaci kuma an sanya shi cikin sauƙi zuwa C2. Jimlar farashin tsarin (jimillar duk $w_{ij}$ na masu amfani) ya fi ƙasa fiye da yanayin ad-hoc.

Wannan lamari mai sauƙi yana nuna yadda WCN ke canza inganta daga mutum ɗaya zuwa matakin tsarin.

9. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Caji na Mota na Lantarki (EV) Mai Ƙarfi: Ka'idojin WCN suna da iya aunawa kai tsaye zuwa caji mara waya na EV na tsaye da mai ƙarfi (a cikin motsi), sarrafa kayan aiki na grid da tsara hanyoyin caji.
IoT da Muhalli Masu Hikima: Caji mara waya ko'ina don na'urori masu auna firikwensin, tags, da masu motsa jiki a cikin gidaje masu hikima, masana'antu, da birane, tare da cibiyar sadarwar da ke sarrafa jadawalin girbin makamashi.
Haɗin kai tare da 5G/6G da Lissafin Gefe: Caji sun zama nodes na lissafin gefe. Cibiyar sadarwar na iya cire lissafi daga na'ura yayin caji, ko amfani da bayanan kasancewar na'ura don ayyuka na tushen wuri.
Rarraba Makamashi Tsakanin Abokan Hulɗa: Na'urori masu wadataccen baturi (misali, jirage marasa matuki) za su iya canja wurin makamashi mara waya zuwa wasu na'urori a cikin WCN, ƙirƙirar tattalin arzikin raba makamashi.
Manyan Hanyoyin Bincike: Daidaita matakin sadarwa na WCN; haɓaka rediyo "ta da" mai ƙarancin wutar lantarki don na'urori don tambayar cibiyar sadarwa; ƙirƙirar tsarin tsaro da sirri mai ƙarfi; da ƙirƙirar tsarin kasuwanci don turawa WCN na jama'a.

10. Nassoshi

Brown, W. C. (1984). Tarihin watsa wutar lantarki ta hanyar rediyo. IEEE Transactions akan Fasahar Microwave, 32(9), 1230-1242.
Ƙungiyar Caji Mara Waya. (2023). Tsarin Canja Wurin Wutar Lantarki na Qi. An samo daga https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
Ƙungiyar AirFuel. (2023). Tsarin Resonance na AirFuel. An samo daga https://www.airfuel.org
Samfurin, A. P., Meyer, D. A., & Smith, J. R. (2011). Bincike, sakamakon gwaji, da daidaita kewayon masu haɗin kai na magnetic don canja wurin wutar lantarki mara waya. IEEE Transactions akan Lantarki na Masana'antu, 58(2), 544-554.
Kurs, A., Karalis, A., Moffatt, R., Joannopoulos, J. D., Fisher, P., & Soljačić, M. (2007). Canja wurin wutar lantarki mara waya ta hanyar haɗin kai mai ƙarfi na magnetic. Kimiyya, 317(5834), 83-86. (Takarda mahimmanci akan haɗin kai na resonance na magnetic).
Zhu, Q., Wang, L., & Liao, C. (2019). Canja Wurin Wutar Lantarki Marar Waya: Ka'idoji, Ma'auni, da Aikace-aikace. Springer. (Littafin karatu mai cikakken bayani).
Niyato, D., Lu, X., Wang, P., Kim, D. I., & Han, Z. (2016). Cibiyar sadarwar caji mara waya don na'urorin hannu: Tushe, ma'auni, da aikace-aikace. IEEE Sadarwa Marar Waya, 23(2), 126-135. (Buga na ƙarshe na labarin da aka bita).