1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani
Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wani ci gaba mai girma a fasahar Watsa Wutar Lantarki (WPT), musamman ma tana mai da hankali kan iyakokin tsarin Qi na yanzu. Tsarin WPT na gargajiya na 'free-positioning' da na'urori da yawa sun dogara ne da hadaddun jerin coils masu watsawa da da'irori masu sarrafawa, wanda ke haifar da tsada mai yawa, nauyi, da matsalolin zafi saboda ƙarancin inganci. Marubutan sun gabatar da wani sabon mafita: wani metasurface mara motsi wanda ke sake fasalin filin maganadisu daga coil guda ɗaya mai watsawa. Wannan hanyar tana sauƙaƙa tsarin tsarin sosai yayin da take cimma babban aiki a cikin ikon sanya wuri kyauta da tallafawa masu karɓa da yawa lokaci guda.
Ribar Ingantacciyar Aiki
Har zuwa sau 4.6
Haɓaka akan tushe
Yankin Rufe
~10cm x 10cm
Yanki mai inganci >70%
Babban Fa'ida
Coil Mai Watsawa Guda
Yana maye gurbin jerin coils da yawa
2. Fasaha ta Tsakiya: Hanyar Metasurface
Babban ƙirƙira ya ta'allaka ne a cikin amfani da metasurface—jerin abubuwa masu jujjuyawa ƙasa da tsawon raƙuman ruwa—a matsayin na'urar siffata filin da ba ta motsi wacce aka sanya tsakanin mai watsawa da mai karɓa.
2.1 Ka'idar Aiki
Metasurface tana hulɗa tare da filin maganadisu na kusa wanda coil guda ɗaya mai watsawa ta samar. Kowane ɗakin naúrar (resonator) a cikin metasurface an ƙera shi don samun takamaiman mitar resonant da ƙimar haɗin kai. Lokacin da filin maganadisu daga coil Tx ya faɗo akan metasurface, yana haifar da igiyoyin ruwa a cikin waɗannan resonators. Waɗannan igiyoyin ruwa, bi da bi, suna sake watsa filin maganadisu na biyu. Tsangwama mai gina jiki da lalatawa tsakanin manyan filayen da na biyu yana haifar da tsarin filin maganadisu gabaɗaya da aka sake fasalin. Wannan filin da aka sake fasalin za'a iya ƙiransa don zama mafi daidaito kuma ya faɗɗa sama da babban yanki, yana ba da damar sanya wuri kyauta, kuma yana iya ƙirƙirar wurare masu yawa masu ƙarfi don tallafawa masu karɓa da yawa.
2.2 Ƙira da Tsari
Ana yin metasurface a matsayin tsari mai lebur, wanda ya dace da haɗawa cikin faloji na caji. ɗakunan naúrar galibi sune resonators LC (misali, masu jujjuyawar karkiya tare da capacitors masu haɗa yatsu) da aka buga akan wani abu. Tsarin lokaci-lokaci da kuma kaddarorin resonant na kowane ɗaki ana inganta su ta amfani da ka'idar haɗin kai ko samfuran haɗin kai da marubutan suka haɓaka a cikin aikin da suka gabata.
3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Ana nazarin halayen tsarin ta amfani da samfurin haɗin kai wanda aka faɗaɗa daga ka'idar haɗin kai da marubutan suka yi a baya. Mahimmin abu shine ƙirar hulɗar tsakanin coil Tx (T), ɗakunan naúrar metasurface (M_i), da coils Rx (R_j).
Za'a iya wakiltar daidaitattun ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin kamar haka:
$V_T = j\omega L_T I_T + \sum_{i} j\omega M_{T,M_i} I_{M_i} + \sum_{j} j\omega M_{T,R_j} I_{R_j} + R_T I_T$
$0 = j\omega L_{M_i} I_{M_i} + j\omega M_{M_i,T} I_T + \sum_{k\neq i} j\omega M_{M_i,M_k} I_{M_k} + \sum_{j} j\omega M_{M_i,R_j} I_{R_j} + (R_{M_i} + Z_{load,M_i}) I_{M_i}$
$V_{R_j} = j\omega L_{R_j} I_{R_j} + j\omega M_{R_j,T} I_T + \sum_{i} j\omega M_{R_j,M_i} I_{M_i} + R_{R_j} I_{R_j}$
Inda $L$, $R$, $M$, $I$, da $\omega$ suka wakilci inductance, juriya, haɗin kai, halin yanzu, da mitar kusurwa, bi da bi. Kwayoyin metasurface (M_i) ba su da motsi ($V_{M_i}=0$). Ana ƙididdige ingantaccen watsa wutar lantarki ($\eta$) a matsayin rabo na wutar da aka isar da ita ga masu ɗaukar kaya zuwa ƙarfin shigar. Manufar ingantawa ita ce ƙirar $M_{T,M_i}$ da $M_{M_i,M_k}$ don haɓaka $\eta$ akan yanki da aka yi niyya da kuma don $R_j$ da yawa.
4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki
4.1 Haɓaka Ingantacciyar Aiki
Samfurin ya nuna matsakaicin haɓakar inganci na sau 4.6 idan aka kwatanta da tsarin tushe ba tare da metasurface ba. Wannan yana nuna ikon metasurface na haɗa kuzari yadda ya kamata wanda in ba haka ba zai ɓace cikin mai karɓa da aka yi niyya.
4.2 Faɗaɗa Yankin Rufe
Ma'auni mai mahimmanci ga WPT na sanya wuri kyauta shine yankin da ingantaccen caji (>40-70%) ke faruwa. Metasurface ya faɗaɗa babban yanki mai inganci daga kusan 5 cm x 5 cm zuwa kusan 10 cm x 10 cm. Mafi mahimmanci, ingancin a cikin wannan babban yanki ya fi girma sosai, ya wuce 70% a cikin yankin 10x10 cm da aka nuna idan aka kwatanta da sama da 40% kawai a cikin yankin 5x5 cm na asali.
Bayanin Chati (An fayyace): Hoton kwane-kwane na 2D wanda ke nuna ingancin caji (%) a ko'ina cikin saman falon caji. Hoton ba tare da metasurface ba yana nuna ƙaramin "hotspot" mai inganci kai tsaye sama da coil Tx. Hoton tare da metasurface yana nuna yanki mafi girma, mafi daidaito na babban inganci, yana ƙirƙirar "yankin caji" da kyau maimakon "maƙalar caji."
4.3 Tallafawa Na'urori Da Yawa
Tsarin ya samar da wutar lantarki ga masu karɓa da yawa lokaci gunda. Bayan tallafi kawai, takardar ta nuna ikon daidaita rabon wutar lantarki tsakanin masu karɓa. Ta hanyar ɗan gyara ƙirar metasurface ko yanayin aiki, tsarin zai iya rama masu karɓa masu girma daban-daban ko buƙatun wutar lantarki, yana jagorantar ƙarin wutar lantarki zuwa na'urar da take buƙata—wani muhimmin siffa don caji na'urori da yawa na zahiri.
5. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari
Tsarin Manazarcin: Fahimta ta Tsakiya, Kwararar Ma'ana, Ƙarfi & Kurakurai, Fahimta Mai Aiki
Fahimta ta Tsakiya: Wannan ba kawai haɓakar inganci ce ba; shine canjin tsari a cikin tsarin tsarin WPT. Marubutan sun yi amfani da ingantaccen aiki, matsalar "sarrafa sararin samaniya" mai sarrafawa zuwa wani Layer na zahiri mara motsi, tsayayye, da kuma masana'antu—metasurface. Wannan yayi daidai da falsafar a cikin hoto na lissafi (misali, amfani da abin rufe fuska na zahiri don ɓoye bayanai don warwarewa daga baya) ko a cikin meta-optics, inda ruwan tabarau da kansa ke yin lissafi.
Kwararar Ma'ana: Hujjar tana da ban sha'awa: 1) Tsarin masu aiki na coils da yawa suna da sarƙaƙiya, tsada, kuma ba su da inganci. 2) Tushen buƙata shine siffata filin maganadisu. 3) Metasurfaces sun tabbatar da kayan aikin siffata filin a cikin lantarki. 4) Don haka, metasurface da aka inganta WPT zai iya warware (1) ta cika (2). Faɗaɗawa zuwa tallafin na'urori da yawa da rabon wutar lantarki sakamako ne na halitta na ci gaban sarrafa filin.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin ba shakka ne—sauƙaƙa masana'antu na kayan lantarki masu tuƙi, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar nasara akan farashi da aminci. Bayanan inganci da yanki suna da ban sha'awa. Duk da haka, kuskuren takardar, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin binciken kayan aiki na farkon mataki, shine rashin bincike na fa'ida-farashi na matakin tsarin. Yaya farashin ƙirƙirar metasurface mai daidaito ya kwatanta da farashin da aka ajiye na ICs da coils masu tuƙi da yawa? Me game da bandwidth da daidaitawa ga tsarin sadarwar tsarin Qi? Metasurface yana da alama an daidaita shi don takamaiman mitar; yaya aikin yana raguwa tare da juriya na ɓangaren ko zafin jiki?
Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga manajoji samfur, wannan bincike yana rage haɗarin haɓaka masu caji na Qi na gaba. Ya kamata a mayar da hankali daga hadaddun kayan lantarki zuwa ƙirar kayan meta da samar da yawa. Haɗin gwiwa tare da PCB ko masana'antun lantarki masu sassauƙa shine mabuɗi. Ga masu bincike, mataki na gaba shine metasurfaces masu ƙarfi (ta amfani da varactors ko maɓalli) don ba da damar daidaitawa na ainihi zuwa shirye-shiryen na'ura daban-daban, motsawa daga "sanya wuri kyauta" zuwa "sanya wuri mafi kyau" ta atomatik.
Misalin Lamari - Bincike Ba tare da Lamba ba: Yi la'akari da nazarin falon caji na abokin hamayya mai coils da yawa. Ta amfani da tsarin da ke sama, mutum zai: 1) Zana Taswirar Tsarin: Gano adadin coils Tx, guntun tuƙi, da sarƙaƙiyar algorithm na sarrafawa. 2) Ma'auni na Aiki: Auna yankinsa mai inganci na caji da inganci mafi girma. 3) Gudanar da Binciken Farashin Rushewa: Kimanta farashin Lissafin Kaya (BOM) don jerin coil da direbobi. 4) Ƙirƙirar Haɗin Metasurface: Ƙirar yadda maye gurbin jerin coil da coil guda + metasurface zai canza BOM, nauyi, da bayanin zafi. Tambaya mai mahimmanci ta zama: "Shin ƙarin farashin abin da metasurface ya sanya ya wuce farashin da aka ajiye da sarƙaƙiyar tsarin tuƙi na N-channel?"
6. Hangen Nesa na Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba
Aikace-aikace Nan da Nan: Faloji na caji na kayan lantarki na wayoyin hannu, na'urorin sawa, da kwamfutocin hannu. Fasahar ita ce mai ba da damar kai tsaye ga hangen nesa da ke bayan samfuran da suka gaza kamar AirPower na Apple, mai yuwuwar ba da damar faloji guda ɗaya, siriri don caja waya, agogo, da akwatin kunne a ko'ina a samansa tare da inganci mai girma.
Hanyoyin Matsakaicin Lokaci:
- Metasurfaces Masu Ƙarfi: Haɗa abubuwa masu daidaitawa (misali, diodes PIN, varactors) don ba da damar yankin caji ya daidaita cikin ainihin lokaci zuwa adadi da matsayi na na'urori, yana inganta inganci a kan tashi.
- Kayan Aikin Magunguna na Halitta: Ƙirƙirar tashoshi na wutar lantarki mai da hankali ta cikin nama don na'urorin da za'a saka, inganta ingancin watsa wutar lantarki da rage dumama.
- Cajin Motoci na Lantarki (EV): Duk da yake ƙaruwa zuwa babban ƙarfi kalubale ne, ƙa'idar za ta iya sauƙaƙa faloji na caji mara igiya na EV, rage hankalin daidaitawa.
Dogon Lokaci & Iyakokin Bincike:
- Haɗin Kai Cikakken Tsarin: Haɗa aikin metasurface da tsarin sadarwa da tsarin sarrafa tsarin Qi don gano abu na waje da sarrafa wutar lantarki.
- Kayan Meta 3D: Faɗaɗa ra'ayi zuwa ƙarar 3D don caji na zahiri a cikin ɗaki ko kabad, kamar yadda cibiyoyi kamar Jami'ar Tokyo da Disney Research suka bincika.
- Ƙirar AI Mai Ingantawa: Amfani da koyon inji da ƙira mai juyawa (kama da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin photonics ta kamfanoni kamar Ansys Lumerical) don gano sabbin siffofi na ɗakin naúrar metasurface don iyawar siffata filin da ba a taɓa gani ba.
7. Nassoshi
- Wang, H., Yu, J., Ye, X., Chen, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Qi Standard Metasurface for Free-Positioning and Multi-Device Supportive Wireless Power Transfer. IEEE Journal.
- Wireless Power Consortium. (2023). Qi Wireless Power Transfer System Specification. Retrieved from https://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com
- Kurs, A., Karalis, A., Moffatt, R., Joannopoulos, J. D., Fisher, P., & Soljačić, M. (2007). Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science, 317(5834), 83-86.
- Zhu, J., & Eleftheriades, G. V. (2009). A simple approach for reducing mutual coupling in two closely spaced metamaterial-inspired monopole antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 8, 1137-1140.
- Disney Research. (2017). Quasistatic Cavity Resonance for Ubiquitous Wireless Power Transfer. Retrieved from https://www.disneyresearch.com/publication/quasistatic-cavity-resonance/
- Sample, A. P., Meyer, D. T., & Smith, J. R. (2011). Analysis, experimental results, and range adaptation of magnetically coupled resonators for wireless power transfer. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58(2), 544-554.